Relational_aggression Relational aggression, also known as covert bullying  From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

University of San Diego Promoting Healthy Relationships Relational Aggression

Relational aggression in children: The Ophelia Project makes a difference The full text of the article, 'Relational aggression in children discusses how the Ophelia Project makes a difference - from Camping Magazine.

Girls, Aggressive?  Girls' relational aggression includes a range of behaviors such as. Patterns of relational aggression are seen in girls as young as 3 to 5 years of age.

Predictors of violence, antisocial behavior and relational This is a report on a project funded by the Criminology Research Council. The study aimed to contrast predictors of antisocial behavior in an Australian  sample with those from a comparable US sample.

in the know zone - relational aggression

As the study of relational aggression progressed, it was discovered that girls were nicer than boys; that they didn’t engage in bullying and domination of their schoolmates. The assumption was wrong.

Girls---Realities of Relational Aggressions - There are two types of relational aggression:  Proactive and reactive.  Proactive relational aggression is when behaviors are a means for achieving a goal. 

Relational Aggression Blog - Girl's beating girls

Aggressive Girls - An Article for Teachers

Penn State Erie research on relational aggression leads to intervention  

When Girls Become Bullies and Victims: Relational Aggression

Highbeam Research - Caught Between Stages: Relational Aggression Emerging as a Developmental Advance in At-Risk Preschoolers

BYU News Release Reported in a special issue on relational aggression during early childhood in the ...A new study out of Brigham Young University shows that relational aggression – harming others through purposeful manipulation and damage to relationships -- may be associated with social prominence as early as 4 and 5 years of age. 

Merrill-Palmer Quarterly: Relational aggression and peer relations  One of the strongest behavioral predictors of peer rejection in boys is physical aggression. Physical aggression in girls is much less common, and other behavioral predictors of rejection in girls have not been well documented.

Relational Aggression  Many researchers currently acknowledge and define three different types of aggression: a) Physical Aggression; b) Verbal Aggression; and c) Relational (or 'Alternative) Aggression 

Relational Aggression Until the 1990s, it was widely assumed that girls were nicer than boys; that they didn’t engage in bullying and domination of their schoolmates. The assumption was wrong.

Relational Aggression in Middle School: Educational Implications This article provides an overview of current knowledge on relational aggression including its definition, its link to a number of adjustment difficulties, and contexts contributing to the maintenance of relational aggression.

The Ophelia Project - Leading Resource On Relational Aggression  

Relational Aggression in a College Sample   An exploration of overt and relational aggression at the collegiate level.

Family relationship quality, gender role orientation, and relational aggression in adolescence  Recent research has identified a relational form of aggression in which harm is inflicted through the manipulation and destruction of peer relationships, as opposed to behaviors in which harm is inflicted through physical damage

How Girls Fight  This month's feature story discusses "relational aggression," a kind of hurtful behavior that girls employ more often than boys.

Class Notes on Relational Aggression  Relational Aggression - acts aimed at damaging an adversary's friendships, self-esteem   

Running Head: RELATIONAL AGGRESSION IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS This article provides an overview of the literature on relational aggression of school aged children and adolescents, with the specific aim of making this information relevant to school settings and education professionals. Relational aggression is discussed in terms of definitions, terms, and the importance of the school context.

Development of a Relational Aggression Questionnaire: Middle School Children’s Goals and Strategies as a Function of Friendship Level Studies have established that there are negative social and emotional consequences to the use of relational and overt aggression. Researchers are beginning to explore how children think about and react to overt aggression, but few have examined children’s thoughts about relational aggression. The present study was designed to develop a measure of middle school children’s reactions to relational aggression.

The ABCs of Bullying  Children and adolescents may use a variety of methods to hurt one another. The most well known form of bullying is physical aggression. This may include hitting, kicking, punching, or destruction of property. Verbal bullying may include teasing, name-calling, and taunting a child to make him or her angry. Physical and verbal bullying are both considered direct forms of bullying.
There also are indirect forms of bullying. Examples include spreading rumors, excluding others from a group, and enlisting someone else to assault someone for the bully.

Bullying Institute Zogby Poll - The Workplace Bullying Institute U.S. Workplace Bullying Survey September, 2007

Interview with Rachel Simmons, Odd Girl Out Boys act out or get into fights to show aggression. Girls don't have the cultural consent to express anger in this way, so they express it in covert but damaging ways –the dirty looks, the taunting notes, total exclusion from "the group." Every generation of women can tell stories of being bullied, but Odd Girl Out examines and explains this problem for the first time.

Meanness In Girls Can Start in Preschool Meanness in girls can start when they still are toddlers, a Brigham Young University study found. It found that girls as young as 3 or 4 will use manipulation and peer pressure to get what they want.

THE FACE AS A DETERMINING FACTOR FOR SUCCESSFUL SOCIAL Appearance has been shown to affect the way humans behave, specifically through the self-fulfilling prophecy effect. The purpose of this study was to find a link among sociometric status, relational aggression and facial structure.

The New Bully On The Block This article discusses proposes to illustrate a type of bullying behavior that pervades all of our relationships. They call it relational aggression.

Giggles and Whispers: Aggression in Middle School Girls Equally powerful as relational aggression itself is the constant, self-imposed threat of relational aggression. Why else would I have pretended to enjoy UConn games in front of my sporty friends? Why else would I have sat dumbly in the cafeteria while my friends teased me about the zucchini-chicken grinder I brought for lunch? Like butterflies camouflaged to blend in with tree bark, young girls see conforming as a tool for survival in a world that seeks to destroy anything that stands out.

A Review of Odd Girl Out: The Hidden Culture of Aggression in Girls    The book discusses patterns in the origins of relational aggression. 

Abundant Life Academy - Teen Aggression   It's not just a stereotype: Popular teens really are meaner than their peers--at least according to a study in the May issue of Developmental Psychology 

Illinois Wesleyan Study Shows Girls Exhibit Relational Aggression  A cross-cultural study of children in the United States and Indonesia has concluded that girls in both cultures engage in relational aggressive behavior more frequently than do boys.

Early Parenting and Relational Aggression in Preschool This study investigated the early parent-child relationship and associations with preschoolers' use of relational aggression. Analyses yielded significant associations between preschoolers use of relational aggression and parent's report of psychological control, parenting style, and attachment relationship (reunion behaviors).

Adolescent Outcome Expectations  - An assessment of adolescents' relational aggression and outcome expectancies for relational aggression in three different relationship contexts (acquaintanceship, friendship, and dating).

Gender Differences in Reactions to Relational Aggression. The current study investigated relational aggression in college students. Participants answered questions about general aggressive tendencies and imagined themselves the victims of relational aggression. Students claimed they would engage in relational aggression more often than physical aggression. More women than men generated a relationally aggressive response for a hypothetical romantic scenario.

Fighting to Be Somebody No more sugar and spice, and everything nice. In the past year, the national spotlight has been shining hot on a seemingly new population of mean-spirited girls living largely unbeknownst to most people. They are school-age girls who, among themselves, wield forms of aggression – gossip, betrayal, teasing, competition and rejection – like invisible weapons in their struggle to gain self-esteem and power in a male-dominated culture.

Mean girls start in preschool, BYU study shows

Adolescents’ Decisions About Verbal and Physical Aggression

Girls use a different kind of weapon 

Among young teens, aggression equals popularity 

Helping the Young Victims of Emotional Bullying

No Way RA - Say No to Relational Aggression  Relational aggression (RA) seems to be ’news’ these days. Despite an incredible awareness-raising through books and movies over the last two years, it’s not unusual for a reporter, a parent, or a teacher to ask me, ’So what is relational aggression?’   

Relational Aggression is Emotional Violence

Relational aggression: a review and conceptualization  of aggression and identified unique correlates of relational aggression. 

Girls' Relational Aggression Gossip, Rumors, and Name-Calling Damages Girls’ Self-Esteem -  This article examines girls' experiences as predators in their deliberate intent to harm another girl's reputation through gossip, rumors, and name-calling.

When Girls Become Bullies and Victims: Relational Aggression  The term "relational aggression" is used to describe a type of bullying primarily used by pre-adolescent and adolescent girls to victimize other girls -- a covert use of relationships as weapons to inflict emotional pain. 

Relational Aggression 201 - The Who, What, and Why of RA  Mean girls grow up to be mean women, make no mistake about that.

Interparental conflict and child and adolescent aggression: An examination of overt and relational aggression. The relationship between interparental conflict and overt aggression has been a consistent finding for males, but not for females. As a result, females have been thought to be less affected by parental disputes. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether parental conflict could predict aggression in males and females if aggression is operationalized to include both the overt type that is common among males and the relational type that is more common in females 

Mean girls syndrome studied  Jamie Ostrov believes that some of the relational aggression behaviors that lead to problems for girls in their teen years begin as early as age 3 – gossip, reputation-bashing, social exclusion and boyfriend swiping – and can turn adolescence into an emotional land mine for young women. This is the so-called "mean girls" syndrome that has captivated the media's attention in recent years. 

Girls Show Aggression Across Cultures cross-cultural study of children in the United States and Indonesia has concluded that girls in both cultures engage in relational aggressive behavior more frequently than do boys.  

Research-Based Articles and Books on Bully/Peer Victimization 

The Link Between Popularity, Social Status and Aggression in Children Researchers interested in child and adolescent peer relations have frequently focused on the role of aggression in the peer group. Traditionally, aggression has been considered a negative behavior with negative consequences. For example, aggressive children and adolescents tend to be rejected by their peers in their classroom or grade.

Young Aggressors and the Children They Menace -- Without Intervention, Both Groups Are Headed for Serious Trouble  Although scientists say there is no proven way to stop peer aggression and bullying behavior in young children, a psychologist at the University at Buffalo says that the consequences of the behavior are so serious for all parties involved that it should be stopped in its tracks by anyone who observes it.

Predictors of violence, antisocial behavior and relational  by contrasting predictors of antisocial behavior in an Australian sample against those from a comparable USA sample this study will add to understanding of the relevance of USA crime prevention science for Australia. A unique feature of this project is that it examines societal responses to antisocial behavior (e.g., arrests, school suspensions) and their impact on subsequent antisocial behavior.

Sex Differences Panel Presentation Summary The purpose of this particular article is to ’investigate more directly the reasons that teenage girls give for using indirect aggression toward peers,’ 

Strong Moms Strong Girls -  Relational Aggression:  What is it? Relational aggression is real and, it hurts!

An Introduction to Relational Aggression - From the National Association of School Psychologists

RA: Examples, Interventions, and self Defense  - A paper

The Peer Nomination Instrument  The Peer Nomination Instrument assesses relational and overt aggression and has been used to identify aggressive children in the classroom.

Myspace - Relational Aggression is in your extended network

Social or Relational Aggression – What is it? Frequently Asked Questions: FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS & SOME DO'S & DON'TS. What's the difference between Relational Aggression and Bullying? 

Girls use a different kind of weapon Psychologists in the juvenile justice system say they commonly see 'relational aggression' in girls.

Relational Aggression in Middle School Aged Children   Relational aggression (RA) is a ’type of emotional violence, because individuals use relationships to harm others’ . This definition describes relational aggression perfectly. RA is a new idea. It has only been in the last ten years that researchers have begun to pay attention to these kinds of harmful behaviors that are currently a cause for concern in schools in the United States and all over the world .

Relational Aggression  - Some Observations

Stop RA - About the Guide...

Youtube - Relational Aggression

Among young teens, aggression equals popularity It's not just a stereotype: Popular teens really are meaner than their peers--at least according to a study in the May issue of Developmental Psychology

Bullying Among Girls Until quite recently, the literature on bullying focused solely on physical and verbal aggression. Since the 1990s, however, researchers have also begun to examine relational aggression. Relational aggression refers to any act that actively excludes a person from making or maintaining friendships or being integrated into the peer group--such as spreading rumors, or excluding and socially isolating a person. 

Sex Roles: A Journal of Research - Adolescent girls' coping with relational aggression

Children Today ? Relational Aggression Helping the Young Victims of Emotional Bullying Bullying has many faces. It can be physical or verbal. The kind Allie suffered and that is fleshed out in Ludwig’s book is called relational aggression, a phrase coined only nine years ago.

Healthcare POV Blog - According to a 2007Zogby poll, 37 percent of Americans have been bullied at work.

Merrill-Palmer Quarterly: Relational aggression and peer relations: Gender and developmental issues One of the strongest behavioral predictors of peer rejection in boys is physical aggression. Physical aggression in girls is much less common, and other behavioral predictors of rejection in girls have not been well documented. We investigated the relationship between three behaviors (physical aggression, relational aggression, and Prosocial behaviors) and three social outcomes (peer rejection, acceptance, and reciprocal friendships) in third- and sixth-grade girls and boys.

Relational Aggression - Resources, Theory and Research 

Courage  for Youth - The Issues - Relational Aggression 

Girls Bullying Girls

Feministing.com - Ending Relational Aggression Among Girls

Observational Study - Relational Agression  - Clip. Observational study of relational aggression for Pysc 360. Tally every act of relational aggression you see in the clip.

Research Paper on Relational Aggression - In this paper, I explore relational aggression, by integrating cognitive and developmental theories within a sociological framework.

Tolerance.org

Relational Aggression in Middle School

Relational aggression is a form of aggression characterized by the use of relationships to manipulate others. Relationally aggressive behaviors include spreading rumors, gossiping, excluding others, and threatening to end friendships. For example, a child who threatens, "I won’t be your friend unless you do what I say!" or "I’ll tell everyone you’re a crybaby unless you do this for me,’ is exhibiting relationally aggressive behavior. You might also see children exclude a playmate from a game or share secrets and gossip about another child behind his or her back.

Clubophelia - For girls and boys, relationships with peers can influence overall physical and mental wellbeing. We know that in and out of school, youth who are connected and have a network of support tend to thrive, while those who feel friendless and disconnected don’t. RA or relational aggression is a behavior that can fracture friendships, divide students into groups, and isolate individuals.

Girls and Relational Aggression: A Review of Odd Girl Out

Girls, Aggressive?

Relational aggression, gender, and social-psychological adjustment

Paper on Relational Aggression

Children Today - Relational Aggression - Helping the Young Victims of Emotional Bullying